Dutch grammar: er-constructies (basis)

What this grammar point covers

In Dutch, 'er' is a small word with many uses. It is used in sentences to talk about existence, quantities, places, and more. Learning basic 'er' constructions helps you make natural Dutch sentences.

When to use it

Use 'er' when you want to say that something or someone exists, is present, or is somewhere (like 'there is/are'). It's also used when talking about quantity or when introducing new information.

Key forms

• 'Er is/zijn' + noun
• 'Er komt/komen' + noun
• 'Er ligt/liggen' + noun
• 'Er staat/staan' + noun

Examples

Tips

• Do not translate 'er' directly; think of it as a word that helps form natural Dutch sentences.
• Remember to use 'er' when you introduce something new or talk about the existence of something.
• The verb (is/zijn, ligt/liggen, etc.) must agree with the noun that comes after it.

Exceptions and edge cases

• Sometimes 'er' is not used if the subject is already known or specific.
• In negative sentences, 'er' is still used: 'Er is geen melk.'